![]() ![]() Based on their application in hard and soft tissue engineering, in vitro and in vivo effects triggered by the structural and biological functionalized biomaterials are underlined. ![]() The paper briefly focuses on divers 3D bioprinting constructs and the challenges they face. We offer a comprehensive summary of recent trends in development of single- (metal, ceramics and polymers), composite-type and cell-laden scaffolds that in addition to mechanical support, promote simultaneous tissue growth, and deliver different molecules (growth factors, cytokines, bioactive ions, genes, drugs, antibiotics, etc.) or cells with therapeutic or facilitating regeneration effect. All rights reserved.Considering the advantages and disadvantages of biomaterials used for the production of 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering, new strategies for designing advanced functional biomimetic structures have been reviewed. Membrane metabolic engineering metabolon protein scaffolding synthetic biology.Ĭopyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. Several recent studies have introduced new approaches to protein scaffolding at membrane surfaces, with notable success in improving product yields from specific metabolic pathways. The compositional diversity of biological membranes and general challenges associated with modifying membrane proteins complicate scaffolding with membrane-requiring enzymes. To date, synthetic scaffolding has focused primarily on soluble enzyme systems, but many metabolic pathways for high-value secondary metabolites depend on membrane-bound enzymes. ![]() Synthetic protein scaffolding is increasingly used as a mechanism to improve product specificity and yields in metabolic engineering projects. In the case of metabolic enzymes, protein scaffolding drives metabolic flux through specific pathways by colocalizing enzyme active sites. Protein scaffolding is a natural phenomenon whereby proteins colocalize into macromolecular complexes via specific protein-protein interactions. ![]()
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